- Migration: Types, Causes and Consequences
NCERT questions:
Choose the right answer for the following from the given options:
(i) Which one of the following is the main reason for male migration in India?
a) Education
b) Business
c) Work and employment
d) Marriage
Ans. c) Work and employment
(ii) Which one of the following states receives maximum number of migrants?
a) Uttar Pradesh
b) Delhi
c) Maharashtra
d) Bihar
Ans. c) Maharashtra
(iii) Which one of the following streams is dominated by male migrants in India?
a) Rural – Rural
b) Urban – Rural
c) Rural – Urban
d) Urban – Urban
Ans. c) Rural – Urban
(iv) Which one of the following urban agglomeration has the highest share in migrant population?
a) Mumbai – UA
b) Delhi – UA
c) Bangalore – UA
d) Chennai – UA
Ans. a) Mumbai – UA
- Answer the following questions in about 30 words:
(i) Differentiate between lifetime migrant and migrant by last residence
Ans. According to the Census of India, migration is enumerated on two bases:
a) Place of birth (lifetime migrant)
b) Place of residence (migrant by place of last residence)
(ii) Identify the main reason for male female selective migration.
Ans. Work and employment have remained the main cause for male migration. It constitutes:
38% of total male migration
3% of the male population migrates due to business
6% for education
2% because of marriage
10% male population is migrants by birth
25% male population has migrated with household
16% of male population migrated due to other reasons
The mail migration due to marriage is concentrated in Meghalaya, where matriarchy is prevalent.
(iii) What is the impact of rural urban migration on the age and sex structure on the place of origin and destination?
Ans. Migration leads to redistribution of population within a country. Rural urban migration is one of the important factors contributing to the population growth of cities. Age and skill selective out migration from rural areas have adverse effect on rural demographic structure. High out migration results in serious imbalance in age sex composition. Male population within the working age group migrant out of rural areas leaving females, children and old age people which increases the share of dependent population in rural areas. The situation is especially difficult for females because they have to look after both domestic and economic work in the villages leading to higher participation of women in agriculture without decrease in their household workload. This also leads to loss of human resources from the rural areas, leaving them with unskilled people, thus reducing the total productivity and hence hampering the development of rural areas. Urban areas receive heavy in migration of working age male population. Causing sex ratio to be highly unfavourable for females, this gives rise to crimes against women and increases their vulnerability.
Answer the following questions in about 150 words:
(i) Discuss the consequence of international migration in India.
Ans. India 2020 has recorded that more than 17.8 million people have emigrate to India from other countries. As far as immigration from India is concerned, it is estimated that there are around 4.5 million people of Indian diaspora across 110 countries.
Emigration: A major benefit for the source region is the remittance sent by migrants. Remittances from the international migrants are one of the major sources of foreign exchange. Punjab, Kerala, Tamil Nadu receive very significant amount from their international migrants. If remittance is the major benefits of migration from the point of view of the source of region, the loss of human resources, particularly highly skilled people, is the most serious cost. Consequently, the existing under development in the source region gets reinforced.
When people move from one country to another, they act as agents of social change. They carry the ideas related to new technology etc. Migration leads to intermixing of people from diverse cultures. It has positive contributions such as evolution of composite global culture this widens up mental horizons of people. On the other hand, when people move out of their own countries to other countries due to differing social and cultural values, they feel alienated and lead a loss of identity and sense of dejection among the individuals. Continued feeling of dejection where motivate people to fall in the trap of anti-social activities like crime and drug abuse.
Immigration: The heavy influx of migrants from neighbouring countries, mostly being illegal, give rise to many socio economic problems. They lead to increase in population which causes overcrowding, development of unregulated colonies and slumps.
Also, it leads to Increase in pressure on infrastructure which is unable to cope with increasing population, increased unemployment, pressure on government. Exchequers on Social Security schemes leads to over exploitation of resources. It also leads to increase in crime rates especially against women as most of the migrants are male, which disturbs the sex ratio of recipient cities in India. It also leads to tension between immigrants and native inhabitants.
(ii) What are socio demographic consequences of migration?
Ans. Migration is a response to the uneven distribution of opportunities over space. People tend to move from place of low opportunity and low safety to the place of higher opportunity and better safety. Consequences can be observed in economic, social, cultural, political and demographic terms:
Demographic consequences:
a) Migration leads to redistribution of the population within a country. Rural urban migration is one of the important factors contributing to the population growth of cities.
b) Age and skill selective out migration from the rural area have adverse effect on the rural demographic structure creating serious imbalances in age and sex composition.
c) Male population within the working age group migrate out of rural areas, leaving females, children and old age people which increase the share of dependent population in rural areas.
d) Urban areas receive heavy in migration of working age male population causing sex ratio to be highly unfavourable for females.
e) Social consequences: Migrants act as agents of social change. The new ideas related to new technologies Family Planning Girls Education etc. get diffused from urban to rural areas through them.
Migration leads to intermixing of people from diverse cultures:
a) It has positive contributions, such as evolution of composite culture, and it widens up the mental horizons of the people at large but it also has serious negative consequences – anonymity, creates social vacuum and sense of dejection among individuals.
b) Continued feeling of dejection leads people to fall in the trap of anti-social activities like crime and drug abuse. Also, it may lead to loss of identities among the immigrants.
c) Due to heavy mail out migration from rural areas, situation for females becomes especially difficult because they have to look after both domestic and economic work in the villages leading to higher participation of women in agricultural without decrease in their household responsibilities.
d) Migration of women either for education or employment enhances their autonomy and role in the economy.
e) Urban areas receive heavy in migration of working age male population causing sex ratio to be highly unfavourable for females, which gives rise to crimes against women and increases their vulnerability.
f) Unemployment leads to increase in crime rate in the urban areas.
—x—x—x—